Five new genes found that increase risk of breast cancer

10 May 2010

Five new regions of the genome that increase a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer have been found by a team of researchers. The researchers scanned the entire genetic code of 4,000 women with breast cancer to find the genes.

These genes increase the risk of cancer by between six and 16 per cent and take the total number of common ‘low risk’ genetic sites associated with breast cancer to 18.

The study, published in Nature Genetics [1], was funded by Cancer Research UK and the Wellcome Trust and carried out by scientists at the University of Cambridge and The Institute of Cancer Research.

The increased risk conferred by these genetic variants is small. But as more of these ‘low risk’ sites are found it may be possible to create tests for a combination of them that together significantly increase risk. This could help doctors make decisions about prevention, diagnosis and treatment for women who are more likely to get breast cancer.

One of the sites identified contains a gene called CDK2NA, which regulates the process of cell division and is altered in the DNA of many tumours. This gene has also been linked to increasing the risk of a type of skin cancer called melanoma.

Interestingly, most of the regions found appear to predispose predominantly towards oestrogen receptor positive breast cancers. This could open new avenues for research into the use of drugs such as tamoxifen, which can reduce the risk of this form of breast cancer.

The scientists scanned the entire genetic code of over 4,000 women with breast cancer and a family history of the disease for genetic variations that cropped up more often compared to healthy women.

They then tested the most promising regions in over 12,000 women with breast cancer, and 12,000 women without breast cancer, in an international collaboration.

Study author Professor Nazneen Rahman, Professor of Human Genetics at the ICR, said: “Our results now take the total number of gene regions linked to the risk of breast cancer to 18, but we still don’t know which genes are causing this increased risk. Identifying the underlying genes and mechanisms behind breast cancer development is essential to increasing our understanding of the disease and ultimately finding new treatments.”

Lead author Professor Doug Easton, director of Cancer Research UK’s Genetic Epidemiology Unit at the University of Cambridge, said: “While each of these sites have a small impact on breast cancer risk, by finding more of these genes we may be able to develop a test that can predict more reliably a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer.”

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the UK with more than 45,500 new cases diagnosed each year. Lifestyle factors play an important role in influencing the risk of breast cancer, but inherited factors are also important in determining an individual woman’s risk of the disease.

Dr Helen George, head of science information at Cancer Research UK, said: "This is by far the largest study of its kind to explore the common genetic variations that contribute to breast cancer risk. This research takes us a step closer to developing a powerful genetic test for the disease. Such a test could help doctors identify women who have an increased breast cancer risk so that they can make informed decisions about how to take steps to reduce their chance of developing the disease."

Reference

Turnbull, C., et al. Genome-wide association study identifies five new breast cancer susceptibility loci. Nature Genetics 2010. Published online 9 May 2010. doi:10.1038/ng.586
www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ng.586.html